Sleep disturbances refer to issues with the quality, timing, and duration of sleep. They encompass a variety of disorders that can make it difficult to fall asleep and stay asleep. Common types of sleep disturbances include:
Insomnia: Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep. Insomnia can be acute (short-term) or chronic (ongoing). Symptoms include difficulty falling asleep at bedtime, waking frequently in the night, waking too early, or not feeling well-rested after sleep.
Sleep apnea: A disorder where breathing is interrupted briefly but repeatedly during sleep due to narrowed airways. Common symptoms are loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness.
Restless leg syndrome: An urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. Symptoms worsen at rest and in the evenings.
Narcolepsy: A chronic condition characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness, sudden "sleep attacks," poor nighttime sleep, and in some cases, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone or strength while awake).
Sleep disturbances can negatively impact mental and physical health in many ways, including:
Impaired cognition, memory, and mood
Increased risk of psychiatric issues like depression and anxiety
Hormonal imbalances
Impaired immunity
Increased risk of health problems like heart disease and diabetes
Treatments for sleep disturbances depend on the underlying cause but can include:
Healthy sleep habits (like avoiding screens before bedtime)
Cognitive behavioral therapy
Relaxation techniques
Prescription sleep medications
Treatment for underlying medical issues
The key is identifying the sleep disorder through an evaluation from a doctor or sleep specialist to get appropriate treatment. Maintaining healthy lifestyle habits also helps promote sound sleep. If you regularly have trouble sleeping, see your doctor to get to the bottom of any sleep issues. Sleep disturbances indicate an underlying issue, whether medical, psychiatric or behavioral in nature. With proper diagnosis and management, you can get relief and improve your sleep.